Topographical Anatomy of the Lower Limb

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FORAMEN ISCHIADICUM MAJUS
(Greater sciatic foramen)

- incisura ischiadica major ossis coxae (ventr.- lat.)
- lig. sacrotuberale (dors.-med.)
- lig. sacrospinale (caud.)

- m. piriformis
divides the foramen into two following parts

FORAMEN SUPRAPIRIFORME

- incisura ischiadica major ossis coxae (ventr.- lat.)
- lig. sacrotuberale (dors.-med.)
- m. piriformis (caud.)

- n. gluteus sup.
- a. et v. glutea sup.

FORAMEN INFRAPIRIFORME

- m. piriformis (cran.)
- incisura ischiadica major ossis coxae (ventr.- lat.)
- lig. sacrotuberale (dors.-med.)
- lig. sacrospinale (caud.)

- n. ischiadicus
- n. pudendus
- n. gluteus inf.
- n. cutaneus femoris post.
- a. et v. glutea inf.
- a. et v. pudenda int.

FORAMEN ISCHIADICUM MINUS
(Lesser sciatic foramen)

- incisura ischiadica minor ossis coxae (ventr.- lat.)
- lig. sacrotuberale (dors.-med.)

- n. pudendus
- a. et v. pudenda int.
- m. obturator internus

CANALIS OBTURATORIUS

membrana obturatoria covering foramen obturatum is missing in the area of sulcus obturatorius

- n. obturatorius
- a. et v. obturatoria

LACUNA VASORUM
(Vascular space)

separated from pelvis with femoral septum

- lig. inguinale (ventr.) /Pouparti, Vesalii, Fallopii/
- arcus iliopectineus (lat.)
- lig. lacunare (med.) /Gimbernati/
- lig. pectineale (dors.) /Cooperi/ + os coxae

- nodus lymphoideus inguinalis profundus /Cloqueti s. R osenmülleri/
- v. femoralis
- a. femoralis
- r. femoralis n. genitofemoralis

CANALIS FEMORALIS

medial part of lacuna vasorum

- lig. lacunare (med.) /Gimbernati/
- v. femoralis (lat.)
aditus: anulus femoralis
exitus: hiatus saphenus

LACUNA MUSCULORUM
(Muscular space)

- lig. inguinale (ventr.) /Pouparti, Vesalii, Fallopii/
- os coxae (dors.)
- arcus iliopectineus (med.)

- n. femoralis
- m. iliopsoas
- n. cutaneus femoris lat.

CANALIS PUDENDALIS
/Alcock´s canal/

in fossa ischioanalis, in fascia at the mediocaudal border of m. obturator internus

- n. pudendus
- a. et v. pudenda interna

TRIGONUM FEMORALE
(Femoral triangle)
/fossa Scarpae major/

- lig. inguinale (prox.)
- m. adductor longus (med.)
- m. sartorius (lat.)

- n. obturatorius
- a. et v. obturatoria
- nodi lymphoidei inguinales profundi
- v. et a. femoralis + their branches - n. femoralis + its branches
- n. cutaneus femoris lat.

FOSSA ILIOPECTINEA
/fossa Scarpae minor/
at the bottom of the femoral triangle

- m. iliopsoas (lat.)
- m. pectineus (med.)
- fascia iliopectinea (bottom-dors.)

- a. et v. femoralis

HIATUS SAPHENUS
(Saphenous opening)

passage to fossa iliopectinea through fascia cribrosa (part of fascia lata femoris)
- margo falciformis (lat.)

- v. epigastrica superficialis (prox..)
- a. pudenda externa superficialis et vv. pudendae ext. (med.)
- v. circumflexa ilium superficialis (lat.)
- v. saphena magna (dist.)

CANALIS ADDUCTORIUS
/Hunter´s canal/

- m. adductor longus (med.)
- m. vastus medialis (lat.)
- lamina vastoadductoria (ventr.)
- m. adductor magnus (dors.)
canal is covered by m. sartorius

- a. et v. femoralis
- n. saphenus /pierces lamina vastoadductoria together with branch of a. genus descendens/

HIATUS ADDUCTORIUS

distal end of adductor canal
- between 2 insertion tendons of m. adductor magnus

- a. et v. femoralis changed in a. et v. poplitea

FOSSA POPLITEA

(Popliteal fossa)

- m. semimembranosus et m. semitendinosus (med. and prox.)
- m. biceps femoris (lat. and prox.)
- caput mediale et laterale m. gastrocnemius (dist.)
- m. popliteus (bottom-dors.)

- n. ischiadicus divides into n. tibialis and n. fibularis communis
- v. poplitea + its tributaries
- a. poplitea + its branches
- nodi lymphoidei popliteales profundi

ARCUS TENDINEUS M. SOLEI
(Tendinous arch of soleus)

tendinous arch in the origin of m. soleus stretchted from fibula to the posterior surface of tibia above the membrana interossea cruris

- n. tibialis
- a. et v. tibialis post.

CANALIS MUSCULOFIBULARIS
/Hyrtl´s canal/

- fibula (lat.)
- m. flexor hallucis longus (med.)

- a .et v. fibularis

STRUCTURES BEHIND THE MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
(Tarsal canal)

- retinaculum musculorum flexorum (med.)
- malleolus medialis (ventr.)
- tuber calcanei (dors.)

- tendo m. tibialis post.
- tendo m. flexoris digitorum longi
- a. et v. tibialis post.
- n. tibialis
- tendo m. flexoris hallucis longi /the only tendon not leaning against the malleolus/

STRUCTURES IN FRONT OF THE MEDIAL MALLEOLUS

- retinaculum mm. extensorum (ventr.)
- malleolus medialis (dors.)

ventrally of retinaculum mm. extensorum
- v. saphena magna
- n. saphenus
dorsally of retinaculum mm. ext.
- m. tibialis ant.

STRUCTURES BEHIND THE LATERAL MALLEOLUS

- retinaculum musculorum fibularium sup. et inf. (lat.)
- malleolus lateralis (ventr.)
- tuber calcanei (dors.)

superficially
- v. saphena parva
- n. suralis
deeply (under retinacula)
- tendo m. fibularis longi et brevis /in common tendon sheath/

LISFRANK´S JOINT

complex of art. tarsometatarsales and art. intermetatarsales

CHOPART´S JOINT
(art. tarsi transversa)

art. calcaneocuboidea + talonavicular part of art. talocalcaneonavicularis