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Topographical Anatomy of the Back and Pelvis

Trigonum suboccipitale (a. vertebralis)	laterally: m. obliquus capitis sup. (m. longissimus capitis) medially: m. rectus capitis posterior major (et minor) caudally: m. obliquus capitis inferior bottom: membrana atlantooccipitalis posterior, arcus posterior atlantis	structures entering the space: a. vertebralis (pars atlantica) n. suboccipitalis structure leaving the space: n. occipitalis major
Trigonum auscultationis	cranially: m. trapezius caudally: m. latissimus dorsi laterally: margo medialis scapulae floor: m. rhomboideus major	in protraction of scapula, parts of 6th and 7th rib and interspace between them become subcutaneous, overlying the apex of lower pulmonary lobe
*Trigonum lumbale superius (Grynfelti* s. Lesshafti)**	cranially: m. serratus post inf. costa XII. sometimes) medially: m. iliocostalis lumborum laterally: m. obliquus abd. int. bottom: aponeurosa m. transversi abd. ceiling: m. latissimus dorsi	exit of n. et vasa subcostalia n. iliohypogastricus possible site for upper lumbar hernia to occur
*Trigonum lumbale inferius (Petiti)*	caudally: crista iliaca (cca 2-3 cm) medially: m. latissimus dorsi laterally: m. obliquus abd. ext. bottom: m. obliquus abd. int.	possible site for lower lumbar hernia to occur
Canalis vertebralis	ventrally: lig. longitudinale posterius dorsally: arcus vertebrarum, ligg. flava laterally: pediculi arcus vertebrae, foramina intervertebralia	medulla spinalis + fila radicularia dura mater spinalis, arachnoidea mater spinales, pia mater spinalis, lig. denticulatum a. spinalis ant., aa. spinales post.(4) plexus venosi vertebrales interni (ant. et post.), vv. spinales ant. et post.
*Excavatio vesicouterina (spatium Prousti)*	male: between urinary bladder and rectum	the most caudal place of the peritoneal space → punction
*Excavatio rectouterina (spatium Douglasi)*	female: between uterus and rectum	the most caudal place of the peritoneal space → punction
Trigonum urogenitale	ventrally: symphysis pubica dorsally: line betwwen tubera ischiadica laterally: ramus o. ischii, ramus inf. o. pubis bottom: fascia perinei (m. transversus perinei profundus, corpus perineale)	m. bulbospongiosus, m. ischiocavernosus female: crura clitoridis + bulbi vestibuli, glandlae vestibulares male: crura et bulbus penis
Trigonum anale	ventrally: line between tubera ischiadica dorsally: os coccygis laterally: lig. sacrotuberale + m. gluteus maximus	entrance to fossa ischioanalis
Fossa ischioanalis	medially + cranially: m. sphincter ani externus, fascia inferior diaphragmatis pelvis laterally: tuber ischiadicum, fascia obturatoria dorsally: lower end of m. gluteus max., lig. sacrotuberale caudally: fascia perinei (opens to trigonum anale)	canalis pudendalis (Alcocki) corpus adiposum fossae ischioanalis pair recessus pubicus stretches ventrally above trigonum urogenitle to symphysis pubica
*Canalis pudendalis (Alcocki)*	infossa ischioanalis - covered in fascia obturatoria on the medial wall of m. obturatorius internus	vasa pudenda interna n. pudendus
Trigonum vesicae	dorsally: ostia ureterum et plica interureterica Mercieri ventrally: ostium urethreae internum laterally: Bell´s bundles	- without mucosal folds - its imprint on the ventral vaginal wall form area trigonalis vaginae (Pawlik´s pyramid or triangle)
Funiculus spermaticus (Spermatic cord)	male covers: fascia spermatica externa m. cremaster fascia cremasterica fascia spermatica interna	ductus deferens a. testicularis a. ductus deferentis plexus pampiniformis plexus deferentialis et testicularis lymphatic vessels vestigium processus vaginalis
Scrotum	male covers: skin tunica dartos (septum scroti, m dartos) fascia spermatica ext. m. cremaster fascia cremasterica fascia spermatica int. lamina parietalis tunicae vaginalis testis lamina visceralis tunicae vaginalis testis	testes epididymes ductus deferens (paradidymis /organum Giraldesi/) (appendix testis et epidydimidis) (ductuli abberantes)